Disinformation online media are funded by advertising, as well. If the companies order it via agencies, they may not even know what websites it will end up on. The advertising budgets of the "Western" companies may thus help spread the Russian propaganda.

The Vrbětice case resonated strongly in the Czech and Slovak (dis)information space. The disinformation narratives were predominantly pro-Russian or anti-Western in character and were also spread by political actors, states an analysis by the European Values think tank.

Information spaces in the Czech and Slovak Republics operate independently, says a new Czechoslovak study. The organic spread of disinformation narratives due to linguistic proximity and shared incentives plays a more significant role than a formal cooperation and coordination between disinformation actors.